An Analysis of Blake’s The Wild Swans at Coole Essay

An Analysis of Blake’s The Wild Swans at Coole The Wild Swans at Coole is a poem that deals with the aging process of William Butler Yeats. It is a deeply personal poem that explores the cycle of life through nature. The poem is set in Coole Park in autumn, which is located on Lady Gregory’s estate. The poet is on or near the shore of a large pond, and is observing the swans. It has been nineteen years since the first time he came to this place, and it is on this visit that he begins to realize that he is getting older. The poet parallels nature in the poem, as it represents his present state while, in the poem, there is a contrast between the poet and the swan because the swan is used as a metaphor for the poet’s youth.†¦show more content†¦The twilight introduced in line three invokes a sense of calm to the poem, but a probable uneasiness in the poet. Twilight comes in-between day and night and in a sense, the poet has come upon the twilight of his life, and is waiting for night (death) to come. The sun, which has set, represents his youth, and it can be assumed that the poet is feeling as if the best times of his life have passed him by, and all that is left to do now is to wait for death. This idea is most visible when the poet writes about the swans. The envy towards the swan’s vitality is apparent in the fourth stanza when the poet tells that Their hearts have not grown old(22) which contrasts the poet’s old age. Unlike the swans that appear to be eternal, the poet realizes that he is not and that his end is near. The use of the word mirror in line four brings together the water and the sky, which will prove to be key when the swans are introduced. The swans can paddle in the cold/ Companionable streams or climb the air. (lines 20-21) The swans are beings of both the water and the sky: They have no limits. In the second stanza the poet tells how it has been nineteen years since he first visited Coole Park. All at once the swans All suddenly mount (line 10) and leave rings in the water. These rings are important because they symbolize the rings found in the trunk of

Brutus the Tragic Hero Essay - 1059 Words

Shakespeare’s complex play The Tragedy of Julius Caesar contains several tragic heroes; a tragic hero holds high political or social esteem yet possesses an obvious character flaw. This discernible hubris undoubtedly causes the character’s demise or a severe forfeiture, which forces the character to undergo an unfeigned moment of enlightenment and shear reconciliation. Brutus, one of these tragic heroes, is a devout friend of the great Julius Caesar, that is, until he makes many execrable decisions he will soon regret; he becomes involved in a plot to kill the omniscient ruler of Rome during 44 B.C. After committing the crime, Mark Antony, an avid, passionate follower of Caesar, is left alive under Brutus’s orders to take his revenge on†¦show more content†¦Similarly, by not destroying Mark Antony along with Caesar, let alone allowing him to speak in Caesar’s funeral, Brutus engineers his future’s demise. â€Å"‘. . . Antony is but a limb of Caesar. Let’s be sacrificers, but not butchers . . . let’s kill him boldly, but not wrathfully . . . and for Mark Antony, think not of him; for he can do no more than Caesar’s arm when Caesar’s head is off’†(916). This is an even greater fallacy than the first. Antony’s rage and passion is enough force alone to drive him and the Roman army to kill every last conspirator, gossiper, and senator who was set against his great Caesar. The fiery drive behind Antony was an imminent threat to Brutus and the conspirators, yet because of Brutus’s flawed logic, Antony lived and they died. Another illustration of this is when Brutus makes the decision to allow the silver tongued Antony to speak in Caesar’s funeral. After a weak, unconvincing speech given by Brutus to the public, Antony takes center stage, capturing the hearts, minds, and attention of the people, essentially turning them on their former leader. â€Å"‘ Oh most bloody sight!’ ‘We will be revenged.’ ‘Revenge! About! Seek! Burn! Fire! Kill! Slay! Let not a traitor live!’†(954). Brutus’s most prominent, fatal flaw is his lack of sound judgment. Furthermore, the climax in Brutus’s journey as a tragic hero is when he ultimately realizes his mistakes and takes full responsibility for them. When the ghost of Caesar appears toShow MoreRelatedWas Brutus A Tragic Hero772 Words   |  4 Pagesthat brutus was just a backstabbing friend, or really a tragic hero? Marcus Brutus from William Shakespeare’s, Julius Caesar, was a tragic hero in my opinion. I am going to try and convince you that he was and why he was a tragic hero in this essay. Brutus meets all of the criteria of a tragic hero. He is arguably the protagonist of the play; he has a fatal flaw that leads to his downfall, which he cannot recover from. He had good qualities like patriotism, and he was honorable. His tragic fla wRead MoreDas Brà ¼tus: A Tragic Hero996 Words   |  4 PagesDas Brà ¼tus: A Tragic Hero In The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, by William Shakespeare, Brutus is the quintessence of a tragic hero. Webster’s Dictionary defines tragic hero as â€Å"Any person, especially a man, admired for courage, nobility etc. †¦ in a serious play with an unhappy ending† (277-626). This verbatim definition, however, is useless in an analytical essay. The idea of a tragic hero comes from Aristotle, who thought a tragic hero involved a character of high standing suffering a downfallRead MoreMarcus Brutus : A Tragic Hero2084 Words   |  9 Pagestheir naivety. In any case the incapability to reason turns out to be a flaw, and in the instance of Marcus Brutus, a tragic flaw. Reasoning is not characteristically present in Marcus Brutus. Brutus cannot look past his philosophical view of the world and consequently his reasoning is meddled with. This flaw he exhibits will eventually lead to his death. According to Aristotle, a tragic hero must be of noble stature and embody nob ility, they cannot be perfect, their downfall must partially be theirRead MoreDoes Brutus â€Å"Qualify† as a Tragic Hero?873 Words   |  4 PagesDoes Brutus â€Å"qualify† as a tragic hero? Marcus Brutus does qualify as the tragic hero in Shakespeare’s play The Tragedy of Julius Caesar. A tragic hero is a good or even great man and thus wins our sympathy causing catharsis. A tragic hero displays hamartia— the hero makes a mistake causing the downfall of his fortune. A tragic hero usually brings suffering and death to other characters, even a whole country. Finally, a tragic hero goes into a situation in which there is no gettingRead MoreMarcus Brutus as a Tragic Hero Essay1002 Words   |  5 Pages A tragic hero in Shakespearean literature is understood as a noble and heroic character who makes a series of bad decisions based on his bad judgment that leads to his downfall and eventually death. In William Shakespeare’s play Julius Caesar, the tragic hero is Marcus Brutus, a powerful Roman senator who joins a conspiracy to assassinate the Roman ruler, Julius Caesar. Marcus Brutus is a tragic hero because of his noble reputation, his mora l personality, the cathartic experience that the audienceRead MoreBrutus Is A Tragic Hero And A Sympathetic Figure2436 Words   |  10 Pageslistening to Brutus when it came to marching down to Philippi to face Antony and Octavius’s army led to the defeat of his army and Cassius committing suicide. Now we come to the main focus of this essay which is Brutus. Some people argue that Brutus is a tragic hero and a sympathetic figure. Others argue the opposite. I believe that Brutus noble qualities led to his ignoble downfall which included failure, loss, and shame. While we read through this play we can see many examples of Brutus failuresRead More Brutus is the Tragic Hero of Julius Caesar Essay858 Words   |  4 PagesBrutus is the Tragic Hero of Julius Caesar      Ã‚  Ã‚   Shakespeares play Julius Caesar is a tragic play, where the renowned Julius Caesar is on the brink of achieving total control and power by becoming emperor of the Roman Empire. Ironically enough, when he thinks he is one step away from pulling it off, his friends (most from the senate) decide to overthrow him, with Caesars most trusted friend, Marcus Brutus, acting as leader of the conspirators. Though the fall of Caesar from the mostRead MoreThe Tragic Hero Of Marcus Junius Brutus Minor Essay1418 Words   |  6 Pagesblock October 27, 2015 Tragic hero Marcus Junius Brutus Minor was the son of Marcus Junius Brutus Maior and Servilia Caepionis. His father was killed by Pompey the Great in dubious circumstances after he had taken part in the rebellion of Lepidus; his mother was the half-sister of Cato the Younger, and later Julius Caesar s mistress. Some sources refer to the possibility of Caesar being his real father,despite Caesar s being only 15 years old when Brutus was born. Brutus uncle, Quintus ServiliusRead MoreMarcus Brutus: The Tragic Hero Of Julius Ceasar972 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"A man cannot become a hero until he can see the root of his own downfall.†(Aristotle). It should be noted that the Heroes downfall is his own fault as a result of his own free will, At times his death is seen as a waste of human potential. His death usually is not a pure loss, because it results in greater knowledge and awareness. In Julius Ceasar, William Shakespeare develops Marcus Brutus as the Tragic Hero whose ambition and naive ty in his blind confidence in the nobility of man sparked guidanceRead More Julius Caesar Essay: Brutus as the Tragic Hero1043 Words   |  5 PagesBrutus as the Tragic Hero of Julius Caesar  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   Shakespeare’s tragedy, Julius Caesar, displays Brutus as a tragic hero, blinded loyalty and devotion. Brutuss heroic belief of honor and virtue was so powerful that it drove him to perform villainous actions and lead to his destruction. The tragic hero is presented as a person neither entirely good nor entirely evil, who is led by some tragic flaw to commit an act that results in suffering and utter defeat. (Morner, Kathleen Rausch

Australia Recognised Rights Of Aboriginal †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Australia Recognized Rights Of Aboriginal? Answer: Introduction Mabo and others v Queensland (No 2) (1992) or Mabo case has been a significant case in Australian legislative. For this case, the high court made their historical decision on 3rd June 1992. This case was based on recognising the rights of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples since they were living in Australia for 40 to 60 thousand years before the British arrive. The case was led by Eddie Mabo which eventually changed the doctrine of terra nullius. The high court of Australia recognised the rights of Aboriginal peoples because it shows their unique relationship with the land. The decision provided by the the high court does not improved the situation of aboriginal peoples. The high court also introduced a guideline to prove the legitimacy of an indigenous community. Most of the aboriginal people did not get satisfied with the judgement of the high court. This essay will discuss the various important elements of the case and analyse its result. Further, the essay will evaluate the legal impact of Mabo case and its effect on the lives of Aboriginal peoples. Mabo Case The Mabo case is one of the most popular and important cases in Australia. The judgement of this case was given by the high court on 3rd June, after a decade long litigation. The judgement was based on reversing the doctrine of terra nullius, which did not recognise the land rights of Aboriginal peoples. The doctrine of terra nullius was based on British law, which provided that all the regulation of England will apply to a new land. According to Short (2012), the court provided that this doctrine does not apply in case of Australia since aboriginal peoples are living for more than 40 to 60 thousand years before the British reaches. The court provided that in order to apply terra nullius the lands should not be barren or inhabited, instead the land should be civilised. The existing customary law of peoples must be acceptable of England law to the extent that their own customary laws are not being modified or excluded due to inconsistency with England law. The action against the doctrine was led by Eddie Mabo, who was a Torres Strait Islander. According to the book of Loos and Mabo (2013), Mabo believes that the Australian law does not recognise the land ownership of Aboriginal people. In his childhood, the Torres Strait Islands were rigorously regulated by Queensland administration. He made a speed explaining the situation of aboriginal peoples and their ownership over the land of Torres Strait Islands. A lawyer heard the speech and ask Mabo to challenge the Australian government to properly establish their land ownership right. This case was important since it identifies the ownership right of Aboriginal peoples over their land which was taken by British without any payment or contract. As per Kennedy (2012), the Mer Islanders decided that Eddie Mabo will lead their suit to challenge the principles of terra nullius. The case ran for 10 years and on 3rd June 1992, the high court provided their decision that principle of terra nullius should not apply over Australia. As per Hayward (2012), the decision recognised the land ownership rights of Aboriginal peoples in the Torres Strait Islands, the same right which was established before British arrival will still be applicable. The high court introduced the conception of native title and recognised that some indigenous peoples have right and interest over certain lands due to their traditional regulations and customs (Council et al. 2015). The Australian parliament in order to establish the interest of aboriginal peoples in their lands passed Native Title Act in 1993. The judgement of Mabo case was known as Mabo decision. The Mabo case has considered as a historical case which gives victory to indigenous peoples in Australia. But several other indigenous peoples did not consider it as a victory. As per Chaney (2016), the judgement given by the high court was considered as one of the most controversial judgement. Various groups such as mining show their disagreement towards the decision because it would cost them more and time to extend their leases and many of their applications will be rejected. On the other hand, indigenous peoples were celebrating the opportunity of apologise against the treatment received by them. The Mabo decision granted certain right regarding the lands back to indigenous peoples but most Aboriginal peoples were not affected by the decision. The court provided various requirements which have to be fulfilled by an Aboriginal person in order to claim their right over a land. Many people consider such requirements as unfair against them. In 1996, the high court provided another landmark judgement which provided that the native title did not certainly get extinguish due to a pastoral lease. According to Holmes (2014), the aboriginal people may access to their leased rural lands if they provide significant proof of their claim thought ancestral and customary connection. In other words, if an indigenous person can establish his native title over a leased land through customary and ancestral evidence, then they can have the title of land even when there is a lease going on over it. This decision was known as Wik decision, and this judgement significantly aggravates the conservative Australia. The media coverage of this judgement backlashed and broadens the gap between land owners and indigenous peoples (Maddison 2012). The aboriginal people consider the lands Mother Earth and they had a strong bond with their lands. They build their homes, hunt food and raise their families over the same lands. They traveled freely around the country and visit various sites. As per Carmichael et al. (2013), there were several sacred sites which were considered as the dreaming by their ancestors. But it all changed in 1788 when British arrive in Australia, they were considered as white man. The first colonisers arrive in Australia and claim aboriginals lands as their own. According to the book of Montagu (2013), the first colonisers also established a system of government and regulations, the aboriginal peoples were unfamiliar with these laws. These laws did not benefit Aboriginal peoples; instead, it took their land from them and left them with nothing. The aboriginals peoples suffered due to loss of their land, therefore, they fight back to claim their ancestors land back. According to Cullen (2012), other than Mabo case, there have been several other attempts by aboriginal peoples to establish their land ownership right. In Milirrpum others v Nabalco Pty Ltd (1971) case, a suit has been taken against Nabalco Corporation to dismiss a 12-year mining lease. The arguments of the case provided that federal government did not have right to give the lease to organisations on lands which belong to aboriginal peoples. Justice Blackburn provided that there is no legal native right of aboriginal people over the lands and even if there were a law, the rights of native people were distinguished. This decision was overruled after two decades when the right of ownership of lands was provided back to aboriginal peoples in Mabo case. After the judgement of Mabo case in 1992, 126 native land title claims have been filled in the courts, in more than 90 of such claims, the native title did not get established over lands. Various communities have been established as original custodian of their ancestry lands such as south-west Victoria, Pilbara, Torres Strait and Northern territory. But a maximum number of custodian claims has been rejected by the court. Unfortunately, hundreds of land claims are waiting for trial and many people are forced to wait for years before the commencement of their trial (Gumbert 2013). Although the aboriginal peoples now have certain legal rights towards their ownership in lands, this right was based on fulfillment of certain guidelines. An aboriginal person has to meet those guidelines in order to establish their claim on the certain land. As per Glaskin and Weiner (2013), most of the land in Northern Territory that can be claimed by Aboriginal people were semi-desert or outside the towns boundaries. Most of the claims of aboriginal people were rejected by the administration, and they have to prove their legal ownership over the lands under their customary laws. They have to prove under Aboriginal regulations that they have a duty towards certain sacred sites which they are trying to claim. In South Australia, there are other rules and necessities for an Aboriginal person to fulfill, in order to establish their claim over a certain land. Many principles of Pitjantjatjara Land Rights Act was applied on an Aboriginal person when they claim their ownership over certain land. The people of Anangu Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara get only a title of 10 percent in South Australia. The land of Anangu Pitjantjatjara was established in the north and on the south of it Maralinga Lands were situated. Maralinga Lands were used by British for their nuclear tests. The aboriginal people get the land due to the regulations of Maralinga Tjarutja Land Rights Act (Hallam 2014). The Native Title Act passed by Parliament does give Aboriginal peoples right to claim their lands, but they will receive the land after completion of mining leases. Even if a land is effectively claimed by an Aboriginal person, they do not have right on the progress of such land such as mining royalties. The act does not provide right to all the indigenous communities and various communities are left with no rights over their lands, such as Yorta Yorta. Another problem arises due to division in various aboriginal peoples communities. Instead of being united, most communities fight to establish their claim over certain lands. Due to such fights, it has become tough for people to prove their claim. According to Muriel Bamblett, an aboriginal leader, these changes have caused tension between families; most of them are not even talking with each other (Savage and Gair 2014). Gary Foley, a speaker of the aboriginal community called the Mobe judgement ultimate act of dispossession since 1788. According to the book of Foley, Schaap, and Howell (2013), he said that high court has simply provided a tiny olive branch to indigenous communities and the legal rights of lands are still remains with white land owners. The purpose of the movement was to get legal land right, but instead, Aboriginal communities have got native titles. According to him, these native titles provided by the court to aboriginal peoples are entirely symbolic, and they are completely different from actual legal land rights. The judgement of the high court has legitimised the dispassion process by giving the native title to aboriginal peoples and legal right to white land owners. The court does provide land ownership to some communities, but they have to prove their ownership of the land upon some cultural connection, that is established by the High court and most of the cases are still pen ding in court. Conclusion From the above essay, it can be concluded that Mabo case judgement has been important in establishing the rights of aboriginal peoples in Australian law. The judgement recognises the right of aboriginal people over their lands and gives them the opportunity to claim their right. But for the most part, the situation of aboriginal people has not changed. The act recognises the right but in order to claim any land, an aboriginal person has to prove many guidelines. Most of such guidelines are difficult to prove and a maximum number of claims get rejected by the government. The decision of Mabo case does seem like a win for Aboriginal peoples in the beginning but actually, it does nothing to improve their situation. Still, it is significantly tough for aboriginal peoples to claim their right over a land and even after proving their claim, they are not entitled to benefits such as mining royalties. References Carmichael, D.L., Hubert, J., Reeves, B. and Schanche, A. eds., 2013.Sacred sites, sacred places(Vol. 23). Routledge. Chaney, F., 2016. Innovation in the rangelands: the role of people.The Rangeland Journal,37(6), pp.535-540. Council, K.L., Council, R.V., Council, G.I.S.S. and Council, T.S., 2015. What is Native Title?. Cullen, R., 2012. Mabo V Queensland. Foley, G., Schaap, A. and Howell, E. eds., 2013.The aboriginal tent embassy: sovereignty, black power, land rights and the state. Routledge. Glaskin, K. and Weiner, J., 2013.Customary Land Tenure and Registration in Australia: Anthropological Perspectives(p. 306). ANU Press. GUMBERT, M., 2013. Aboriginal Land Rights and Traditional Land Tenure in Australia.La terre et l'homme: Espaces et ressources convoits, entre le local et le global, p.75. Hallam, S.J., 2014.Fire and hearth: a study of Aboriginal usage and European usurpation in south-western Australia. Apollo Books. Hayward, P., 2012. Aquapelagos and aquapelagic assemblages.Shims: The International Journal of Research into Island Cultures,6(1), p.1. Holmes, J., 2014. Explorations in Australian legal geography: the evolution of lease tenures as policy instruments.Geographical Research,52(4), pp.411-429. Kennedy, D., 2012. Eddie Mabo, the man who changed Australia.Magazine. BBC News,6. Loos, N. and Mabo, E.K., 2013.Eddie Koiki Mabo: His Life and Struggle for Land Rights. Univ. of Queensland Press. Maddison, S., 2012. Postcolonial guilt and national identity: Historical injustice and the Australian settler state.Social Identities,18(6), pp.695-709. Montagu, A., 2013.Coming into being among the Australian Aborigines: The procreative beliefs of the Australian Aborigines. Routledge. Savage, D. and Gair, S., 2014. Hearing and understanding the past in order to strengthen the future. Primrose Hall. Short, D., 2012. When sorry isnt good enough: Official remembrance and reconciliation in Australia.Memory Studies,5(3), pp.293-304.

A Poison Tree by William Blake Essay Example For Students

A Poison Tree by William Blake Essay A Poison Tree by William Blake can be interpreted to be a metaphor that explains a truth of human nature. I believe that this poem teaches how anger can be dismissed by kindness and friendliness, and nurtured to become a deadly ‘poison’. The opening stanza sets up everything for the entire poem, from the ending of anger with the â€Å"friend,† to the continuing anger with the â€Å"foe. † Blake startles the reader with such clarity of the poem, which is often missed in Blake’s poems, and with metaphors that can apply to many events in life. Blake portrays this by using several forms of figurative language. The personification in A Poison Tree exists both as a means by which the poems metaphors are revealed, supported, and as a way for Blake to project the greater illustration of wrath. The wrath the speaker feels is not directly personified as a tree, but as something that grows slowly and bears fruit. In the opening stanza the speaker states, â€Å"My wrath did grow. The speaker later describes the living nature of the wrath as one which, â€Å"grew both day and night,† and, â€Å"bore an apple bright. † This comparison by personification of wrath to a tree illustrates the speakers idea that, like the slow and steady growth of a tree, anger and wrath gradually accumulate and form just as deadly as a poisoned tree. To understand the metaphorical theme of the poem, I believe you have to examine the title, A Poison Tree. This hints to the reader that some type of metaphor will be dominant throughout the poe m. In the second stanza, Blake uses several metaphors that reflect the growing and nurturing of a tree which compare to the feeding of hate and vanity explored by the speaker. The verses, â€Å"And I watered it †¦with my tears† show how the tears of life lead the deadly object that we know as A Poison Tree. The speaker goes on to say, â€Å"And I sunned it with smiles† describing not only false intentions, but the process of â€Å"sunning†, giving nutrients to a plant so that it may not only grow and live, but flourish. In both of these metaphors, the basic elements for a tree to survive, water and sunlight are shown in human despair and sadness. The religious context of the poem is also evident in two metaphorical quotations made by the speaker towards the end of the poem. The deadly fruit born from the tree is an apple, while the scene of death and treachery occurs in the speakers garden. The apple is a product of hate, a biblical metaphor for sin. This connotates that destruction will occur if the tree is showered with sour emotions. The garden, which could be viewed as a place of life and prosperity, is simply the stage for the sinful act, as it was in the Bible. Like the events of the biblical story of Adam and Eve, man gives in to the weakness of sin and feasts upon the Tree of Knowledge in the Garden of Eden. Blakes poetry, while easy to understand and simplistic, usually implies a moral motif on an almost basic level. The powerful figurative language in A Poison Tree is so apparent that it brings forth an apparent message as well. The poem is not a celebration of wrath but it is Blakes cry against it. Through this, I believe that Blake warns the reader of the dangers of repression and of rejoicing in the sorrow of our foes. From this interpretation, I believe that William Blake wrote this poem to convey a simple message. A Poison Tree may be one of Blake’s simpler poems, but is just as effective of getting its message across. He used figurative language as a way to express his point that anything beautiful in life (the tree) can be contorted to something evil or disgusting if shown ugly emotions (poison).

Circadian Rhythm Essay Example

Circadian Rhythm Paper Circadian Rhythm As Wikipedia defined it, circadian rhythm is a 24-hour cycle which is involved in physiological processes of living beings such as plants, animals, fungi and cyanobacteria. Circadian literally means about a day; the words originated from the the latin terms â€Å"circa† (around) and â€Å"dies† (day).   From Howard Hughes Lecture (HHL) 0 in circadian time tells the beginning of a subjective day, and 12 is the beginning of a subjective night. From the report of Harvard Feature Science (HFS) jet lag is a common experience for people travelling by airplane, aside from sleepiness other symptoms are also exhibited due to change. Another, people having night shift at work when forced to wake up early might experience nausea or muscle fatigue due to change in their circadian rhythm. The circadian clock of mammals is consist of   10,000 clock cells in the hypothalamus called the suprachiasmatic nucleus, or SCN In recent studies conducted by Physiological Genomics (PG), it showed that clock cells also reside in other tissues of the body as well. A time indicator such as morning light strikes retina, the photic input is passed on to SCN and carried on to other clock cells in the body. If external time signals change (i.e. time zones), the clock cells of SCN and the other clock cells in the body must conform with the change and resynchronize to the rest of the body. We will write a custom essay sample on Circadian Rhythm specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Circadian Rhythm specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Circadian Rhythm specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Day and night cycles are most studied by our scientists since almost all species exhibit daily changes in their behavior and/or physiology. These daily rhythms are not simple responses to the changes occurring within the day simply a response to the 24-hour changes. Organisms can do in advance and get ready for the changes within the physical environment ensuring that organisms will do the right thing because of their biological clock or timekeeping system. The biological clock ensures synchronization among internal temporal components of the body.The synchronization of the external and internal environments is vital for an organism’s survival. If synchronization is not attained between external and internal environments, it can result to the   individual’s immediate demise (Vitaterna and Takahashi 85). Biological clocks are very important for all living creatures particularly humans but still the processes involved   in biological timekeeping systems and the potential consequences of its failure needs to be settled. Chronobiology is a field focusing on biological timing, including high frequency cycles (e.g., hormone secretion occurring in distinct pulses throughout the day), daily cycles (e.g., activity and rest cycles), and monthly and daily cycles (Aschoff 11) .The study about biological clocks started 5 decades ago. The area of sleep research, which is also under the field of chronobiology, evolved independently upon the identification of various sleep stages (Dement 25). Due to these stages, it branched out and resulted to further important studies like the system controlling the patterns of sleep – circadian rhythm (timekeeping system of humans) Free-running circadian rhythms are those that can de expressed even in the absence of a 24-hour signal from the external environment; it is not synchronized by any cyclic change in the physical environment. A diurnal rhythm cannot be called circadian until it has been shown to carry on under constant environmental conditions and can be set apart from other rhythms which are just responses from the 24-hour environmental changes. A rhythm which continuously works in the absence of a dark-light cycle or other exogenous time signal (i.e., a Zeitgeber) indicates the existence of internal biological clock. The persistence of rhythmicity does not necessarily rule out the presence of other uncontrolled cycles generated by the Earths revolution on its axis might be driving the rhythm (Aschoff 49). Circadian rhythms are produced at the cellular level, because the rhythms of unicellular organisms are the same as rhythms of highly complex mammals which suggests that cycle of expression is controlled by genes responsible for the timekeeping mechanism of the clock. Circadian cycles works for almost 24 hours but not exactly 24 hours. A 24-hour cycle deviation allows the internal timekeeping system to be synchronized with the light-dark environments. The deviation increases the precision of the cycle in controlling time. Circadian rhythms can be synchronized, or entrained, by external time cues, such as the light-dark cycle. It also has the ability to work properly even in the absence of external time cues (meaning that they are not driven by the environment). If a change has occurred within the external cues, rhythms will automatically align with the new cues (Pittendrigh 170). The process of automatic aligning of the system with the changes in its cues is still studied if this automatic aligning is attained by lengthening or shortening the cycle until it is aligned to the new cues and revert to the original length or aligning with the new cues can be achieved by discrete resetting events. Various experiments are done to come up with a good deal of answers and it was discovered that the organisms have different response to light depending on the phase of their cycle if it’s unchanged, delayed or advanced In addition to the timing of the light exposure, the intensity of light can alter cycling periods if organisms are exposed in constant light; longer contact of an organism to brighter light intensities can lengthen the period in some species and shorten it in other species, it depends (Stokkan and Yamazaki   492). Other factorssuch as social interactions, activity or exercise, and even temperaturealso can modulate a cycles phase. Temperature’s influence on circadian rhythms is also important since change in temperature can affect the cycle’s phase without directly affecting the pace of cycling; the cycle can begin at an earlier or later-than-normal time ending up on its usual length. Also, this ability of the internal clocks pacemaker to make up for changes in temperature is critical to its ability to predict and adapt to environmental changes, because a clock speeding up and slowing down as a response to temperature change is not useful at all (Aschoff 1427). The circadian pacemakers in higher organisms are situated in cells of specific structures of the organism. These structures include certain regions of the brain (i.e., the optic and cerebral lobes) in insects; the eyes in certain invertebrates and vertebrates; and the pineal gland, which is located within the brain, in nonmammalian vertebrates. In mammals, the circadian clock resides in two dusters of nerve cells called the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), which are located in a region at the base of the brain called the anterior hypothalamus (Mistlberger and Bergmann 15). The task of the SCN is very crucial for the proper functioning of the system with regards to different organisms because damaging (i.e., lesioning) the SCN can lead to disruption and abolition of endocrine and behavioral circadian rhythms. SCNs as the major controller of pacemaker managing other rhythmic systems was confirmed by studying organisms such as rat and hamsters. SCN is confirmed as the primary site of regulation with regards to circadian rhythmicity in mammals and thus to further understand the 24-hour cycle, one must study SCN (Ralph   976). Lesions on the SCN have numerous effects on the rhythms but their effects on sleep are less clear. SCN lesions interrupt the consolidation and pattern of sleep in rats but nominal effects on the amount of sleep of other organism thus it was postulated that circadian clock adjusts an organism’s sleeping hours   and the existence of homeostatic control which is responsible for waking (sleep debt) (Mistlberger and Bergmann 17). IMPORTANCE OF THE CIRCADIAN CLOCK FOR HUMAN HEALTH AND WELL-BEING Almost all physiological and behavioral functions in humans are on a rhythmic basis often resulting to dramatic diurnal rhythms in human that can be a result of involuntary or voluntary circumstances disturbing the circadian rhythmicity. There are many adverse effects of disrupted circadian rhythmicity correlated with the upset sleep-wake cycle. Some rhythmic processes are more affected by the circadian dock than by the sleep-wake state, whereas other rhythms are more dependent on the sleep-wake state (Vitaterna and Turek 85). Humans are capable of overriding the biological clocks and their rhythmic outputs. If sleep-wake cycle is not in synchronized with the rhythms controlled by the circadian clock (e.g., during shift work or rapid travel across time zones), adverse effects may occur. Sleep disturbances are linked with jet lag or shift work and other unknown reasons which can be indicative of a mental and psychological disorder that can tap other form of illnesses. Often, other circadian rhythm abnormalities are associated with various disease states, although again the importance of these rhythm abnormalities in the development (i.e., etiology) of the disease remains unknown (Brunello 110). A circadian pattern among similar diseases or patient groups are tried to be plotted; for example, a circadian pattern showing that men are prone to death in the morning and if this rhythm is studied, patterns can be obtain which is very useful for man and his health (Proschan and Follman 717) Death and myocardial infarctions happen randomly throughout the 24-hour day but   often, it tend to cluster at   and these phenomena are known as circadian rhythms (Peters and Zoble 1000). The role of circadian abnormalities in various disease are still unknown; insufficient knowledge on how circadian signals from the SCN are relayed to target tissues. A better understanding of the nature of circadian signal output from the SCN to its target systems must be carefully studied. The two major causes of death namely heart attacks and strokesshow time-of-day variation in their occurrence is a case in point. The mechanisms responsible for the rhythmicity of these disorders must be identified and furthermore look for therapeutic ways to influence the rhythmicity of this events (Proschan and Follman 720). The time distribution of heart attacks is really undetermined but if the patterns of these attacks are known, it can be great aid for man. 31 patients who had a cardiac arrest were studied and the times of their attack were track down with the help of their family members who specified the time of their attacks, the attacks started at interval midnight-1 A.M (Maron and Kogan 250). The daily variation in body rhythms would not be enough in creating a drug treatment but sufficient knowledge of the effect of circadian rhythms can help doctors devise more effective ways of administering therapies (Willis 18). A sound sleep can be an effective treatment in fight against cancer. Psychosocial factors can affect behavior patterns like exercise, food and drink intake and the sleep-wake cycle can take effect in balancing the hormones inside body. The sleep/wake cycle, called the circadian rhythm is linked with persons social network to his or her cancer prognosis. The two ways in which the cir cadian rhythm can influence cancer progression is through a hormone called melatonin, which the brain churns out during sleep. Melatonin is an antioxidant that cleans up damaging free-radical compounds; if the circadian system is disrupted, it produces less melatonin making the body prone to cancer-causing mutations (Yapp 19). The interaction between drugs, including alcohol, and circadian rhythm is apparent in the temporal, or time-related, restraints on experimentation. Alcohol has profound effects on the circadian rhythms of mammals. Alcohol hang-over had been related to jet-lag-like circadian disruption (i.e., phase shifts) of the bodys normal rhythm (Gauvin and Baird 820).Alcohol consumption is directly related with internal jet lag resulting to phase shifts in the internal clock of the body. Alcohol consumption can cause disruption of circadian rhythm (Holloway and Miller 520). The bodys temperature rhythm in people is affected by their alcohol consumption. The body temperature reaches its peak during late afternoon and reaches its lowest point during early morning. Body temperature, alcohol and mammalian circadian rhythm are interrelated with each other and a change in one of these components will affect the other components. Alcohol and circadian rhythm can work together with temperature at both the cellular and behavioral levels. Alcohol-induced circadian rhythm disruption can eventually decrease the maximum ability performance of an individual. Circadian effects can cause dangers to both the affected person and other people. Circadian system and alcohol consumption must be further studied to provide foundation for pharmacological and behavioral advances in the treatment of alcohol abuse and addiction as well as assist in solving problems related to public safety (Gallaher and Egner 35). Alcohol exerts its effects both on body and brain. Alcohol-induced thermoregulation is responsible for the processing of incoming sensory signals (i.e., the anterior hypothalamic preoptic area, or AH/POA).   If not all, almost all nerve-cell-communication chemicals take part in alcohol-induced hypothermia (Crawshaw and Wallace 153). The shifts observed in an organisms normal circadian rhythm have been found to induce alcohol consumption. These shifts involve phase delays which occur at the peak of body rhythm temperature. Shifts in the amount of light and dark period during a 2-month period time have and adverse effects on alcohol intake; the photoperiod shifts acted as stressors resulting to disruption of the internal rhythm in the body (Gauvin and Baird 823). The brain does not directly respond to individual homeostatic fluctuations of, it acts as an overall regulator making sure that individuals can adapt to the changes that occurred in the environmental cycle. There is the indirect modulation, by way of alcohols disruptive effects on the hormonal and chemical communication networks which is involved in maintaining the temperature balance in the body (Holloway 94). The level of an individual’s arousal has a major effect on his or her performance in a number of areas, decline in arousal related with shift work has been found to impair performance on a variety of cognitive tasks (Chiles, Alluisi, Adams 145). Low arousal levels due to extended work shifts and sleep deprivation also decrease the maximum output of an individual (Caldwell, 200). In researches, energetic arousal reaches its peak around 11:30 am., whereas Thayer and Takahashi (17) found that this type of arousal reaches its peak at 1:19 p.m. Clements, Hafer, and Vermillion (388)   found the possibility that there are two peaks for energetic arousal, one around noon and the other in the early afternoon. Adan and Guardia (233) found circadian rhythms for both tense and energetic arousal are very different. The precise effects of low or high levels of arousal on performance have advantageous benefits in different areas. Redesigning of tasks and environment can be done to attain maximum performance. The fluctuations in arousal over the course of the workday are correlated with fluctuations in performance on a variety of task; performances are better in morning (Blake 345). Hormones are highly active in the morning; concentration and short-term memory are in their peak of performance and body temperature helps in maximizes muscle performance.   Better understanding of these circadian rhythms of arousal and their impact on task performance can help in achieving the optimum productivity (Yapp 19). Arousal increases readiness to respond to internal and external stimuli. Researches suggest the two distinct forms of arousal labeled as tense and energetic. Tense arousal is a continuum ranging from calmness to anxiety, and energetic arousal is a continuum ranging from tiredness to energy (Matthews, Jones, Chamberlain 40). There is an important evidence for the usefulness of dealing with arousal as multidimensional in nature. Energetic arousal is associated with better performance on tasks such as vigilance, visual search, and serial reaction time, whereas tense arousal does not seem to affect performance on these tasks (Matthews, Jones and Chamberlain 37). Tense arousal is common among college students from typical days to exam days than energetic arousal. The present studies want to know if breaking down energetic arousal into the dimensions of wakefulness and vigor can help in resolving issue about arousal and performance (Thayer 65). The body in rhythm is important in overall health. Human being takes their cues from the light and the dark but that biological clocks tick a bit longer than the standard, 24-hour day. The 24-hour cycle is used. When the light triggered the retina, the circadian clock is reset. Odd-shift workers have difficulty sleeping when their day is done even if physically exhausted since in this condition, the normal cycle is squeezed into an abnormal environment; getting out of ones circadian rhythm can result in slower reaction times and other symptoms common to sleep deprivation (Toto 1). References Adan, A., Guardia, J. (1993). Circadian variations of self-reported activation: A multidimensional approach. Chronobiologia, 20, 233-244. Aschoff, J. (1960). Exogenous and endogenous components in circadian rhythms. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, 25. Biological Clocks. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Press, 1960. Aschoff, J. (1962). Circadian rhythms in man. Science. 148, 1427-1432. Blake, M. J. F. (1967). Time of day effects on performance in a range of tasks. Psychonomic Science, 9, 345-350. Brunello, N., Armitage, R., Feinberg, L. et al. (2000). Depression and sleep disorders: Clinical relevance, economic burden and pharmacological treatment. Neuropsychobiology. 42, 107-119. Caldwell, J. (1995). Assessing the impact of stressors on performance: Observations on levels of analyses. Biological Psychology, 40, 197-208. Chiles, W. D., Alluisi, E. A., Adams, O. S. (1968). Work schedules and performance during confinement. Human Factors, 10, 143-196. Circadian Rhythm. Retrieved on December 1, 2006 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circadian_rhythm Clements, P. R., Hafer, M. D., Vermillion, M.E. (1976). Psychometric, diurnal, and electrophysiological correlates of activation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 33, 387-394. Crawshaw, L., Wallace, H. Crabbe, J. (1998). Ethanol, body temperature and thermoregulation. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology. 25, 150-154 Dement, W.C. (2000). History of sleep physiology and medicine. In Kryer, M.H., Roth, T., Dement, W.C. (eds.). Principles and practice of sleep medicine (3rd edn.) Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. Dickman, S.(2002). Human factors.   Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 44(3), 429-433. Follman, D. Proschan, M. (1997). A restricted test of circadian rhythm. Journal of the American Statistical Association. 92 (438), 717 – 725. Gallaher, E., Egner, D. (1987). Rebound hyperthermia follows ethanol-induced hypothermia in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berlin), 91, 34-39. Gauvin, D., Baird, T.,Vanacek, S. et al. (1997a). Effects of time-of-day and photoperiod phase shifts on voluntary ethanol consumption in rats. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 21, 817-825. Holloway, F., Miller, J., King, D., Bedingfield, J. (1993). Delayed ethanol effects on physiological and behavioral indices in the rat. Alcohol. 10, 511-519. Maron, B. J., Kogan, J., Proschan, M. A., Hecht, G. M., and Roberts, W. C. (1994). Circadian variability in the occurrence of sudden cardiac death in patients with hypertrophic   cardiomyopathy. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 77, 251-261. Matthews, G., Jones, D. M., Chamberlain, A. G. (1990). Refining the measurement of mood: The UWIST Mood Adjective Checklist†. British Journal of Psychology, 81, 17-42. Mistlberger, R.E., Bergmann, B.M. Rechtschaffen, A. (1987). Relationships among wake episode lengths, contiguous sleep episode lengths, and electroencephalographic delta waves in rats with suprachiasmatic nuclei lesions. Sleep 10.1 (1987):12-24. Muller, J. E., Ludmer, P. L., Willich, S. N., Tofler, G. H., Aylmer, G., Klangos, I., and Stone, P. H. (1987). Circadian variation in the frequency of sudden cardiac death. Circulation. 270, 2598-2601. Peters, R. W., Zoble, R. G., Liebson, P. R., Pawitan, Y., Brooks, M. M., Proschan, M. (1993). Identification of a secondary peak in myocardial infarction onset 11 to 12 hours after awakening: The cardiac arrhythmia suppression trial (CAST) experience. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 22, 998-1003. Pittendrigh, C.S. (1960). Circadian rhythms and the circadian organization of living systems. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, 25. Biological Clocks. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Press. Ralph, M.R., Foster, R.G., Davis, F.C., Menaker, M. (1990). Transplanted suprachiasmatic nucleus determines circadian period. Science, 247, 975-978. Stokkan, K.A., Yamazaki, S., Te, H., Sakaki, Y. Menaker, M. (2001). Entrainment of the circadian clock in the liver by feeding. Science, 291, 490-493. Takahashi, J. Turek, F., and   Vitaterna, M. (2001). Overview of circadian rhythm. Alcohol Research Health, 25.2, 85 Thayer, R. E. Measurement of activation through self-report. Psychological Reports. 20 (1967): 663-678. Thayer, R. E., Takahashi, P. J., Pauli, J. A. (1988). Multidimensional arousal states, diurnal rhythm, cognitive and social processes, and extroversion. Personality and Individual Differences, 9, 15-24. Willis, J. (1990). Keeping time to circadian rhythms. FDA Consumer, 24(6), 18.

Hendrik Spruyt and ChaparlesTilly Present Different Arguments essays

Hendrik Spruyt and ChaparlesTilly Present Different Arguments essays The rise of the modern system of states is a contentious topic among International Relations scholars. Schools of thought differ in both their explanation of when the new system had its origins and why it prospered over other systems of international organization. In this essay I shall examine two of such arguments, Hendrik Spruyts Economic Rational argument as presented in his article Institutional Selection in International Relations: State Anarchy as Order, and Charles Tillys realist portrayal of War Making and State Making as Organised Crime. Spruyts article concentrates on the question of why the sovereign state triumphed over the other forms of organization. In doing so it outlines a series of internal and external elements that make the sovereign territorially defined state a superior alternative to city-states or city-leagues. Tilly focuses more on explaining the system of states, using a helpful analogy depicting the system as an organised crime racket. He focuses on the question of what makes states, concluding, with his realist argument that war is the determining factor. Both articles provide plausible arguments in particular instances but neither argument can sustain a convincing case in other instances making it hard to distinguish any favour between the two. I would suggest that both arguments lack the real convincing power to explain the system of states origins, the systems development over time and the current position of the worlds system of states, as it exists today. In effect, what this question asks is why, at various times and in differing contexts, individuals and groups believe one political form rather than another is best suited to advance their interests. Hendrick Spruyt recognises the existence of city-leagues, city-states and territorially defined sovereign states and through Gilpins epigraph he expresses his reasoni...

Expectancy theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Expectancy theory - Essay Example Secondly, possession of skills required for a job also plays a fundamental role. Thirdly, having support required to accomplish a job contributes to the entire process. Instrumentality is the opinion that if a person performs well, then the individual receives a value outcome as well. A number of factors influence instrumentality. Firstly, knowledge of the relationship between performance and outcome influences the process. Secondly, it is necessary to completely trust and have confidence in the authorities that issue awards. Thirdly, one should believe that the process of issuing awards is transparent (Redmond 1). Valence refers to the value that an individual asserts to an outcome. Value associated with a specific outcome varies with individuals. For example, monetary tokens may not motivate individuals who value recognition. A manager’s mastery of the expectancy theory is significant at the work place. It enables them to assign employees reasonably challenging tasks that inspire self-confidence and intellectual development. Instrumentality can also be employed. Managers should strive to honor promises they make to workers as it increases followers ability to trust that a manager is capable.   Instrumentality stems from the belief that performance begets promised results. Finally, valence dictates that a leader should be able to see the value of an outcome from the followers’ perspective. The process guides him on the nature of reward them in a bid to motivate

Ethics and Corporate Governance in Al Hilal Bank Term Paper

Ethics and Corporate Governance in Al Hilal Bank - Term Paper Example Responsibilities of the board should not be taken lightly. The overall responsibility of a bank is with the board including approving the banking strategies, risk strategies, corporate governance, and corporate values. All the financial soundness of the bank is on the board. The board should check the whole strategy of the bank taking into account all the risk and effective planning to reduce the risks and its capacity to cope with risks efficiently. The board must take into account and must know the legitimate interest of shareholders, stockholders, depositors, and their relevant customers. Also, the effective relationship with the supervisor should also be maintained properly. Board of directors should practice their duties of conduct and duties of loyalty followed by keeping up with a change in the bank’s business and external environment. A responsible behavior proves to be an essential foundation in good governance. So the board should carry its responsibilities effectively maintaining professional standards that ensure integrity for management and other employees. Low-key employees and other workers should be allowed to communicate about illegal and unethical practices as such practices can negatively impact on bank’s reputation and profile. Important steps should be taken to communicate throughout the bank and professional standers to without any danger report concerns or violation of any particular body. By applicable laws and regulations the board can elect and if necessary can replace the senior management if it sees that they are not performing their required task properly. The senior management actions and activities should be monitored consistently to check whether they are working in their frame. The meeting with senior management should be held regularly. A board should demand critical explanations and ask questions if found necessary related to their assigned tasks. It should make sure that senior management performance should be consistent with the long-term objective, banking strategies and financial soundness of a bank. Senior management expertise and knowledge should be appropriate given the nature of the bank and its profile.

Case5.1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Case5.1 - Essay Example 1. What’s your opinion regarding forced ranking performance appraisals? Forced ranking, generally defined as a curve that leadership creates by assigning credit with â€Å"certain proportions of the production to proportions of a producing population† (â€Å"Wikipedia†), would most likely be of great benefit to a floundering company. After one or two years of culling the very bottom (i.e. least productive) employees from the pack, the company ought to see substantial improvement in productivity and efficacy. Such a move, if conducted properly, should certainly be enough to set the company right and enable its continued existence. However, forced ranking is not advisable as a long-term solution. Quite simply, this is because once you have sifted all of the chaff from the wheat, all you’re left with is wheat. That is to say, if you cull effectively, eventually all you’re left with is the good stuff. By continuing to dismiss employees based on forced r anking, eventually the company would be eliminating effective, productive employees, because that would be all that was left.

Ryanair: Performance Objectives

Ryanair: Performance Objectives Ryanairs five performance objectives to maintain or ultimately increase Ryanairs competitiveness, it is useful to analyse its operations with the help of five performance objectives: Quality: In the long run, even the most competitive price structure will not attract customers if the quality of the service offered is below a certain standard. This includes maintenance, efficient booking and luggage handling, reliability, punctuality, and interaction with Ryanair staff. Speed: The areas where speed matters most for Ryanair are turnaround time of aircrafts, reservations, luggage handling, and aircraft maintenance, all of which have a direct impact on costs. Although Ryanair has implemented many steps to increase speed, it also depends on service providers that are not directly under its control. Dependability: This compares very favourably with competitors, where punctuality is similar, but the missed bag/passenger ratio is orders of magnitude higher. This excellent record has to do with the fact that Ryanair offers only point-to-point flights, thereby eliminating the risk of luggage mismanagement during connecting flights. Flexibility: Customers have a high degree of flexibility in choosing the level of service, since only the basic airfare is charged and any additional services must be paid for. Increasing flexibility for the customer would mean offering additional options. From Ryanairs perspective, flexibility comes with diversification of supplementary services on the one hand, and, with increasing market strength, the ability to negotiate alternatives for various service sectors, such as maintenance agreements, outsourced functions, etc. Cost: The fuel price is one of the direct costs for any airline operations. There are enormous fluctuations, and, unlike its competitors, Ryanair has committed to a policy of not imposing fuel surcharges. Therefore, the fuel price become fluctuations and Ryanair takes consider of that action. As a result, Ryanair reported its first annual loss in 2009 when oil prices were at a record high. (BBC Online News, 21 June 2009) International Competition: Ryanair is one of the most successful low cost carriers in Europe. The phenomenon strategy for long-term sustainable which Ryanair has developed from Southwest airlines is cut-cost to gain in high profitable in market share. According to Gillen and Lall (2004) stated that Ryanair has taken step further of Southwest operational, therefore, Ryanair has strongly and clearly position regarding to the airline does not offer any frills such as, no providing service, no ticket, no connection, no travel agents, no frequent flyer programme as well as food and beverages are sell on board. However, Ryanair can keep the cost low and gain more profit by setting the cheaper fares to customer regarding to increase the cash flow. In addition, according to the economic crisis and the fuel price has been increased, it effected to all airlines industry. However, it seems not really effected to Ryanair. Based on that, in 2009, Ryanair has aggressively discounted fares to increase the pressure on its com petitors and increase the cash flow. (Euromonitor International 2010) Nevertheless, Ryanair has been very tactical and acted very quickly to get advantage out of the competitors. Moreover, the competitors of Ryanair, for example, in Western Europe are mostly the schedule airlines such as, Lufthansa, Air France-KLM Group, British Airways, and Easyjet. Therefore, Easyjet is the direct competitor of Ryanair. Furthermore, the competitors in Eastern Europe are mainly budget airlines such as, Wizz Air (Hungarian airlines) as well as the schedule airlines Aeroflot (Russian airlines), LOT (Polish airlines) and, CSA (Czech airlines). In this case, Ryanair claim to increase the traffic to compete with cometitors by operate more routes. However, the competitive advantage of Ryanair that helped Ryanair to maximine growth which require the location advantage by using the secondary airports that located not far away from the city. For example, Gillen and Lall (2004) stated that at Hahn airport ne ar Frankfurt, the number of passengers increased from 450,000 in 2001 to 1.5 million in 2002, due to Ryanair serving that airport. Easyjet tend to have the same direction, however, Ryanair negotiation with secondary airports, often located in economically depressed areas, Ryanair bargained hard for low fees compare to EasyJet. On the other hand, Gillen and Lall (2004) stated that EasyJet is not entirely secondary airport based and so it does seek to attract some business customers. Based on that, Easyjet has more cost regarding to the airport fees. In addition, one of the advantages of Ryanair is rapid turnaround time than other airlines. According to (Barret 2004) stated that the shorter turnaround times permit more journeys per plane which, coupled with the higher seat density of Ryanair planes, generate lower seat mile costs. Based on that, Ryanair planes are mostly flying and it savings more cost of the airport fees in term of the landing charge. According to Ryanair report (201 0), Ryanair received award of being punctual and less in baggage lost Based on the short-haul point to point routing, hence, (Barret 2004) stated that the punctuality performance of Ryanair is high, therefore, the simple point to point is not delayed the passenger and check-in is quicker because is less complex than an interline one. According to table 1, staff of Ryanairs were non union, (Vlaar et al. 2005) stated that the consequence is flexible workforces enable low-cost airlines to fly and support each aircraft with only eighty workers, compared to the employees that required by traditional network carrier. For instant, Ryanair focus on the tight cost control measures. Pilots and cabin crew received lower salaries than other industries, however, the employees received significant variable compensation such as, the commissions on on-board sales. (ibid) Table 1. Some distinctive features of Ryanairs business model Choice Consequence Secondary airports à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Low airport fees Lowest ticket price à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Large volume Low commissions to travel agents à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Low cost Standardized fleet of 737s à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Bargaining power with suppliers Single-class à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Economies of scale High-powered incentives à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Attract combative team No meal à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Faster turnaround Nothing free à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Additional revenue Spartan headquatres à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Low fixed cost No unions à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Flexibility in rostering staff Source: Casadesus-Masanell R, and Ricart J E, 2010 cited from Strategy to Business Models to Tactics As a result, (Vlaar et al. 2005) concluded that Ryanairs business model is a simple product, low operating cost, and differential positioning which they focused on leisure, VFS (visiting friends and relative). Based on that, the value proposition is good fit with these customer segments. More importantly, (Casadesus-Masanell and Ricart 2010) concluded that Ryanair plan of action create a unique and valuable position by engaging in a new set of activities. Based on that, Ryanair found the way to operate the company more efficiency amongst the competitors by create the value for their stakeholders. International emerging markets The Ansoff product-market expansion grid is useful for Ryanair to visualise and identify market opportunities. Therefore, Ryanair establishing a partnership with Wizz Air, it helps company penetrate non-EU markets, synergies can benefit in both party. Regarding to, the market development Ryanair striving to target in business travellers by offering them more benefits such as refundable tickets in terms of more flexible. Moreover, Ryanair consider of the product development by plan to open the new route to US for long-haul, with flight tickets starting at EUR10 according to the Open Skies Agreement between the EU and the US. Based on that, Ryanair could attract more young generation travellers who has low income but would love to experience in Hollywood place.

Ambiguity in Shakespeares Hamlet Essay -- Essays on Shakespeare Hamlet

Ambiguity in Hamlet      Ã‚  Ã‚   Ambiguity of both language and action is commonplace in Shakespeare’s tragedy Hamlet. Let us examine what can be found relative to this ambiguity in the play.    D.G. James says in â€Å"The New Doubt† that the Bard of Avon has the ambiguous habit of charging a word with several meanings at once:    â€Å"Conscience does make cowards of us.† There has been, I am aware, much dispute as to what the word means here. For my part, I find not the least difficulty in believing that the word carries both its usual meaning and that of â€Å"reflection and anxious thought.† It is a platitude of Shakespeare study that Shakespeare could, with wonderful ease, charge a word with two or three meanings at once; there is hardly a page of Shakespeare which does not illustrate this; and, in any case, the word â€Å"conscience† means for us all both a command to do what is right and anxious reflection as to what is, in fact, the right thing to do. If I had to choose (what I feel under no compulsion whatever to do) between the two meanings proposed, I should unhesitatingly choose the former and usual meaning (43).    Harold Bloom in the Introduction to Modern Critical Interpretations: Hamlet expounds on the ambiguity and mysterious conduct of the hero during the final act:    When Horatio responds that Claudius will hear shortly from, presumably that Rosencrantz and Guildenstern have been executed, Hamlet rather ambiguously [my italics] makes what might be read as a final vow of revenge:    It will be short. The interim is mine. And a man’s life’s no more than to say â€Å"one.†    However this is to be interpreted, Hamlet forms no plot, and is content with a wise passivity, knowing that Claudius mu... ...es: An Impulsive but Earnest Young Aristocrat.† Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Masks of Hamlet. Newark, NJ: Univ. of Delaware P., 1992.    Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http://www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html    West, Rebecca. â€Å"A Court and World Infected by the Disease of Corruption.† Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Court and the Castle. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1957.    Wright, Louis B. and Virginia A. LaMar. â€Å"Hamlet: A Man Who Thinks Before He Acts.† Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Ed. Louis B. Wright and Virginia A. LaMar. N. p.: Pocket Books, 1958.

Man’s constant questions and initiatives Essay

Man’s constant questions and initiatives to answer these have constantly helped us understand the changes happening in our environment. This opens up new opportunities for validation and testing that can make the initiative feasible and acceptable by everyone. This seems to be valuable in any scientific endeavor. In the end, the use of experimentation and other models of testing can help generate the validity of a particular idea. Looking at the collaborative work in understanding and detecting living cells in atmospheric samples, it can be seen here that the proponents wanted to test out whether living organisms came from outer space. Seeing this, it can be argued that their analysis has merit since they are trying to test out and experiment whether the idea of living organisms come from space and transported to Earth with the aide of comets and asteroids. One reason that this idea holds merit is the fact that there had been previous experiments and studies which sought to find and extract particles that contain such elements. These tests have been adequately cited by the authors in the document. Likewise, prior to their extraction and analysis, there have been several attempts to do these things which started since 1960’s. This then allowed the current writers to further explore the possibilities available. Another reason that this analysis has merit is that it uses several scientific apparatus and techniques to actively decipher the needed areas. From the extraction process towards the interpretation of data, it can be seen that it uses numerous scientific models designed to fully understand and appreciate the relevance of such towards generating and proving their hypothesis that indeed comets provide living organisms from space. In the end, the experiment proved that there are indeed organisms that reside in comets and transferred into the Earth’s atmosphere. By equally understanding this process, it can help generate answers to the development of life here in the planet. In my own perspective, I feel that the most successful species on Earth are human beings. This argument does not revolve around the numerical value or on the years of existence. Rather, I seek to argue that humans are the most adaptive when it comes to development and expansion. With this characteristic and trait, it has helped each one of us transcend the challenges of the period and actively adjust to suit our individual needs and preferences. One reason that humans are considered the most successful species on Earth is their ability to adjust to the conditions of the environment. This can be proven throughout history when man had continuously sought to find improvements and changes in society and nature. By doing this, man gained better appreciation about the things that are happening and sought to create an avenue for existing and living. Another reason why such argument is made is the improvements man has created in the different fields of study. This ability has led man to create practices that are complex and sophisticated just to acquire information and understanding of things. This again opens up the potential of maximizing the available resources and integrates it towards the changing needs of the period. The last reason involves the capability of man to decipher new ways wherein it can improve. Though the existence of man can be considered to be young compared to other species who had inhabited the Earth, it can be argued though that we are the ones who had made the most improvements in the last 10,000 years. From the traditional use of flint and sedentary patterns, we now have evolved towards a complex society that is aided by technology and other fields. Our dynamic attitude and ability to discern questions has enabled us to dominate our species and become masters of this world. References CF, AC (2003) The detection of living cells in stratospheric samples. Retrieved May 28, 2009 from, http://www. astrobiology. cf. ac. uk/spie. html

9 Spanish Verbs Based on Venir

9 Spanish Verbs Based on Venir Usually meaning to come, venir is one of the most common verbs in Spanish. Like many other verbs, venir can be combined with prefixes to expand its meaning. As you can see from the examples below, many of the words formed by combining venir with a prefix are related to English words that end in -vene. Thats because the English verbs come from the Latin verb venire, which is also the source of venir. Following are the most common verbs formed using the venir root along with examples of their use. Avenir Avenir typically means to reconcile, to get along, or to come to an agreement. It is frequently used in the reflexive form. Nos avenimos a firmar la Carta de la Paz, un documento que debemos fortalecer. (We came together to sign the Peace Letter, a document we ought to strengthen.)Tras largas negociaciones, los empresarios finalmente se avinieron con los sindicatos. (After lengthy negotiations, the business owners finally came to an agreement with the unions.) Contravenir Meanings of contravenir include to violate, to infringe, and to contravene. Este tipo de medidas contravenerà ­an el principio de libre circulacià ³n. (This kind of step violated the principle of free circulation.)Los usuarios que usen las computadoras de la biblioteca no contravendrn las leyes sobre derechos de autor o marcas registrada. (Library computer uses will not violate the laws about copyright or trademarks.) Convenir Although convenir can sometimes refer to convening, it more often refers to being suitable or agreeing. Los representantes convinieron en que debà ­an esperar hasta recibir mas informacià ³n. (The representatives agreed that they ought to wait until they receive more information.)Espero que el Congreso convenga, tambien aprobando el artà ­culo que se discute. (I hope that the Congress convenes, also approving the article under discussion.) Devinir Devenir is not related to the English verb divine but instead usually means to become or to happen. Cuando la mente deviene quiescente, el soplo deviene controlado. (When the mind quiets down, breathing becomes controlled.)No puedes devenir lo que no eres naturalmente. (You cant become what you naturally arent.) Intervenir Intervenir can refer to intervening, but it can also have a weaker meaning that refers just to participating in something. El Banco Central intervino cuando el tipo de cambio tocà ³ $2,98. (The Central Bank intervened when the exchange rate reached $2.98.)Los varones intervienen menos que las mujeres en el cuidado de los hijos. (The men participate less in the care of children than the women do.) Prevenir While prevenir often refers to preventing something, it can also refer to merely warning or even just expecting. Ambas vacunas previnieron la diseminacià ³n cloacal del virus de influenza aviar. (Both vaccines prevented the sewage-connected dissemination of the bird flu virus.)El gobierno no previno el desastre de Nueva Orleans. (The government did not anticipate the New Orleans disaster.) Provenir Provenir typically means to come from somewhere. Provengo de la ciudad de Talca en Chile. (I come from the city of Talca in Chile.)Como mi apellido indica, mi padre proviene de Alemania. (As my surname indicates, my father comes from Germany.) Sobrevenir Sobrevenir frequently refers to something coming or happening suddenly, although it can also refer to something that merely happens subsequent to something else. En la madrugada sobrevino el terremoto. (The earthquake came suddenly in the dawn.)Hay que identificar la probabilidad de que sobrevenga un tsunami. (It is necessary to determine the chance that a tsunami will occur.) Subvenir Subvenir is often translated as to pay or to defray; it typically refers to the payment for necessities. El populismo pretende que el estado subvenga a toda necesidad social tengan las personas. (Populism hopes that the state will provide for every social necessity that people have.)La madre subviene a todas las necesidades del nià ±o. (The mother pays for all the childs needs.) Conjugation of Verbs Based on Venir All these verbs are conjugated in the same way as  venir, which is irregular in nearly all its simple forms. For example, this is how prevenir is conjugated in the indicative present tense: yo prevengo, tà º previenes, usted/à ©l/ella previene, nosotros/nosotras prevenimos, vosotros/vosotras venà ­s, ellos/ellas previenen.

Opinion of, Opinion on, Opinion about

Opinion of, Opinion on, Opinion about Opinion of, Opinion on, Opinion about Opinion of, Opinion on, Opinion about By Maeve Maddox A reader objected to the use of â€Å"on† in an example given in a post about prepositions: REFERENCE: He asked my opinion on the matter. IMHO, I think this use is a stretch. I would substitute about for on. He asked my opinion about the matter. More and more it seems that writers have forgotten the word about and use on instead, a rather annoying tendency. According to an informal web search using quotation marks around the phrases, opinion of is more common than either opinion on or opinion about: â€Å"opinion about† 7,470,000 hits â€Å"opinion on† 18,600,000 hits â€Å"opinion of† 52,800,000 hits The OED entry for opinion reflects this apparent preference, offering one example each for â€Å"opinion on† and â€Å"opinion about,† but 24 for â€Å"opinion of.† All three sound fine to me. Here are some quotations from newspapers: Looking for political cover, Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, R-Ky., said Tuesday, â€Å"Everybody I know in the Senate, everybody is in favor of maintaining coverage for pre-existing conditions. There is no difference of opinion about that whatsoever.† Expert opinion on game-related research is further split, with hundreds of academics calling findings linking playing video games to violence flawed, while others argue that studies show â€Å"either no relationship between playing video games and violent behavior, or an ‘insignificant’ link between the two.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:25 Subordinating ConjunctionsFor Sale vs. On Sale45 Idioms About the Number One

Organisational behaviour Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Organisational behaviour - Assignment Example Planning is thus an ability to improve the condition, which could include increasing market share or enhancing profits. It thus suggests that planning is a primary management function aimed at achieving organizational goals and objectives. 2.0 The Planning Environment Every business, regardless of size, must develop a comprehensive plan which would force the management to think of the realties to be faced in the business world (French, Kelly and Harrison, 2004). This should have well-defined format and parts. This conforms to Valdehueza’s (2009) definition that goals are a desired future state that the organization focuses on while plans are the blueprint that specifies the resource allocation, schedules and actions necessary to achieve the intended goals. Organizational goals, mission and objectives symbolize legitimacy to the external stakeholders while plans motivate the employees to perform action, thereby reducing uncertainty. 3.0 Benefits of Planning The benefits of plan ning range from economic benefits to adaptive thinking and can also include integration and control (Appiah-Adu, Morgan and Katsikeas, 1996). Planning benefits could either be utilitarian or psychological in nature. The Utilitarian benefits are the planning capabilities that manifest in enhanced organizational processes, acquisition of knowledge-based skills and coordination of strategic activities (Appiah-Adu, Morgan and Katsikeas, 1996). Psychological benefits demonstrate the values and perceptions of management. The psychological benefits include enhanced morale, motivation and commitment by the employees to the strategic plans drawn up by the management. This is specially perceived in change management when the management the planned the change process before the actual change takes place. Mergers and acquisitions can have a demoralizing effect on employees but with the right planning the objectives of change can me met and resistance overcome. Wolverhampton & Dudley Breweries p lc (W&DB) UK took over two breweries within twelve months which resulted in considerable downsizing and closing down of some units (Pollitt, 2006). This can lead to demoralizing of staff resulting in reduced productivity. However, W&DB had strategically planned the change process and could overcome the resistance within a short period of time. The goal of the organization was to avoid imbalance, which is generally expected in any change, with the right organizational strategy. Through transparency, effective communication, removal of management trappings and employee involvement they could achieve the desired goal. They could achieve this because the change process was planned much before the actual change took place. 4.0 Long-Term Planning As uncertainty manifest in the modern business enterprise formal strategic planning took shape in organizations. The purpose of strategic planning is to rationalize and articulate the process of integrated decision making among firms. Planning ca n be strategic or operational where strategic planning pertains to long-term planning and operational to short-term planning. A study of ninety-seven small firms in central Iowa, in the USA was conducted to evaluate the planning/performance relationship (Shrader et al cited in French, Kelly and Harrison, 2004). The study found that planning and performance are

ANALYSE OFCANDIDEGULLIVERS TRAVEL AND SORROWS OF YOUNG WERTHER FROM Essay

ANALYSE OFCANDIDEGULLIVERS TRAVEL AND SORROWS OF YOUNG WERTHER FROM NEOCLASSIC AND ROMANTIC POINT OF VIEW - Essay Example There was an emphasis on classical conventions and style. The restoration of the monarchy to Charles II of England in 1660 marks the beginning of the Neoclassical period in English literature, with its emphasis on restraint, logic and rationalism. It lasted from 1660 to 1798, when the Romantic Movement with its emphasis on imagination and nature began . Written in the latter part of the eighteenth century, â€Å"Gulliver’s Travels† by Jonathan Swift and â€Å"Candide† by Voltaire are examples of Neoclassicism in English and French literature respectively, exhibiting elements of Neoclassicism such as reason , restraint and clarity While â€Å"Gulliver’s Travels† portrays Neoclassical elements of clarity, superiority of reason and experimentation,, at the same time digressing from Neoclassicism by giving vent to imagination., .†Candide† exhibits the typical Neoclassical reaction against optimism and exuberance .In his iconoclastic ideas about God and the Church, Voltaire strays from Neoclassical Theory. â€Å"The Sorrows of Young Werther â€Å"written by Goethe exhibits elements of Romanticism like love of nature, imagination and emotion, as well as some elements of Neoclassicism like form and structure and â€Å"correctness†.. â€Å"Gulliver’s Travels† by Jonathan Swift is an enduring classic beloved by both young and old. Although when he wrote the book in 1789, Swift meant it to be a satire on the existing society of the time, the book became instantly popular as a children’s book, which it has continued to be to the present times. Like â€Å"Gulliver’s Travels†, Voltaire’s Candide was also written during the same period. Both the books describe the fantastic adventures of the protagonists who travel to different parts of the world and encounter unforeseen problems. On the other hand, â€Å"The Sorrows of Young Werther† by Goethe, written in the same period of late eighteenth

Supreme court cases and the concept of Federalism. How they relate to Essay

Supreme court cases and the concept of Federalism. How they relate to the Federalists 10, 46 or 78 arguments - Essay Example Raich (2005), South Dakota V. Texas (1987) and Lawrence V. Texas (2003). Moreover, the discussion will also highlight how these cases relate to the Federalists 10, 46 or 78 arguments. The case of Gonzalez v. Raich (2005) is mainly related to the legal medical use of marijuana. In relation to this case, it can be ascertained that during the year 1996, California law passed the ‘Compassionate Use Act’, authorizing the use of marijuana for medical treatment. On the other hand, Controlled Substances Act (CSA) banned the use of the same. This difference in the viewpoints persisting between California law and CSA eventually led towards a conflicting situation. The major issue, which emerged in relation to the case, is mainly determining whether Congress is having the power to regulate marijuana production agreeable to the interstate commerce clause. Specially mentioning, this case addresses the federalism concept in the form of witnessing the involvement of both federal government and individual states concerning the regulation of producing and consuming marijuana (Oyez, Inc., â€Å"GONZALES v. RAICH†). South Dakota v. Dole (1987) is related to the case wherein South Dakota sued district court against Dole and the US government in relation to the violation of Section 158. This particular Section sets the constitutional limits on Congress regarding the power based on â€Å"21st amendment to the US constitution.† In accordance with the South Dakota law, individuals aged 19 and above are permitted to buy beer having 3.2% alcohol. The case illustrates the dispute regarding the state and the power of federal government in relation to the implementation of a minimum drinking usage. Again, the involvement of state as well as the federal government in this jurisdiction issue relates the aforesaid case with the concept of federalism (Thomson Reuters, â€Å"SOUTH DAKOTA v. DOLE, 483 U.S.

Eriksons Theory Essay Example for Free

Eriksons Theory Essay When discussing the development theory, Erikson had been the frontier with many major contributions. Unlike Freud and Piaget, Erikson’s theory of development focused much more on social interactions. While most of us agreed that children do become toilet-trained between ages one and three, Erikson’s theory also went further to acknowledge that children also learn to talk, walk, feed themselves, etc. In order to understand Erikson’s theory of development, we need to focus on three main principles: dynamic balance of opposites, vital involvement and life in time. Dynamic balance of opposites: There are two opposing tendencies in dynamic balance of opposites: dystonic (negative) and syntonic (positive). Erikson believed there were eight stages, and at each one, the individual resolved a crisis between the positive (syntonic) and negative (dystonic) tendencies (Erikson Kivnick 1986). A resolution of crisis does not mean that a person rejects either syntonic or dystonic completely, but rather that a person should find a balance between two of those tendencies. For instance, our American culture has frequently taught parents to never say â€Å"no† to their children because that could potentially damage a child’s self-esteem. However, Erikson would disagree and say that children do need to hear â€Å"no† sometimes to understand that the whole world does not revolve around them. Erikson would also say that telling the child â€Å"no† all of the time is bad as well. Vital involvement depends on the balance of syntonic and dystonic tendencies. Vital Involvement: Erikson developed eight stages of development. First, the trust versus mistrust stage, where infants start to learn that either the world is good and can be trusted, or is bad and can’t be trusted (Erikson et.al 1986). For instance, Erikson would state that babies learn to trust their caregivers for not letting them go hungry, but babies also learn to mistrust their caregivers for yelling at them and not feeding them consistently. Second, the autonomy versus shame and doubt stage where children learn about their own â€Å"selves† which is separate from their caregivers (Erikson et.al 1986). In this stage, children usually develop their own will and desires and apply  them well by saying â€Å"no†. When children start to feel comfortable using â€Å"no† as a way to reach their desires, they have reached the initiative versus guilt stage. In this stage, children learn to internalize values from the elder and also acquire the sense of guilt for wrongdoing. The next stage is industry versus inferiority where children explore the greater world in elementary school and their surroundings. Erikson did pay a lot of attention in the identity versus confusion stage because it focuses on adolescents and their identity crisis. Fidelity is the heart of identity because adolescents share some of their parent’s values, as well as develop their own. The last three stages include intimacy versus isolation, generativity versus stagnation, and integrity versus despair. Each of these stages focuses greatly on the continuity of human development until death. Erikson recognized that there are certain time periods when it might be easier for some to develop and harder for others to develop, depending on the environment that influence them. For instance, some children who faced hardships (family separation, family violence, etc.) might have trouble in certain stages or even all of the stages, depending on where the factors start. Life in time: Erikson referred to his theory of development as epigenesis. Epigenesis is relevant to evolution (the past and the future) and genetics. Erikson explained, â€Å"†¦epi can mean ‘above’ in space as well as ‘before’ in time, and connected with genesis can well represent the space-time nature of all development† (Erikson et.al 1986). Erikson did not refer epigenetic to individual genetic make-up and how it influences individual development. Rather, Erikson was concerned with how personality and behavior is influenced after birth and so on. For instance, my mother has had a hard time adjusting with American culture when we first migrated here from Vietnam. My sister and I started to adapt to the new culture right away—from clothing style, hairstyle, hobbies, etc. in which my mother had a very difficult time to accept. She wanted us to keep our traditional customs at home, as well as outside our home. At first, we felt reluctant because we felt she did not understand the importance of â€Å"fitting-in† at school. However, as we started college, my sister and I started to realize that our culture and traditions are unique and understand where my mother was coming from (Identity/ confusion stage). Conclusion: Erikson had dedicated his life by contributing to developmental psychology in major ways. Erikson’s theory of development is still widely used and studied by many scholars.

Free Essays - The Importance of Honesty in The Catcher in the Rye :: Catcher Rye Essays

The Importance of Honesty in The Catcher in the Rye "`I'm just going through a phase right now. Everybody goes through phases and all, don't they?'"( pg. 15) In The Catcher in the Rye, by J.D. Salinger, Holden Caulfield is a sixteen year-old who is disgusted at all the phony people in the world. For example where artists sacrifice their art for fame and mothers cry fake tears in movies. The importance of not being phony and being honest is the theme that Salinger presents in this story. Holden had difficulty fitting in at school and around the real world. Holden had a tough time fitting in at his schools because he thought of almost everyone as phonies. "`It's full of phonies, and all you do is study so that you can learn enough to be smart enough to be able to buy a goddam Cadillac some day, and you have to keep making believe you give a damn if the football team loses, and all you do is talk about girls and liquor and sex all day, and everybody sticks together in these dirty little goddam cliques' (pg. 131)." He seems to have a history of expulsion and failure at various schools because of his lack of ability to cope with others. Ordinary problems of his had turned into major conflicts with other students. "I hate fist fights. I don't mind getting hit so much - although I'm not crazy about it, naturally - but what scares me most in a fist fight is the guy's face. I can't stand looking at the other guy's face, is my trouble. It wouldn't be so bad if you could both be blindfolded or something. It's a funny kind of yellowne ss, when you come to think of it, but it's yellowness, all right. I'm not kidding myself. (pg. 90)" Holden got into a fight with his roommate at school because he was going out with his ex-girlfriend. He's afraid that the guy is taking her from him, even though he's not with her anymore. These are problems that are normal, but Holden has trouble dealing with them. Holden's problems in the real world were too much for him, he had to make up things to make himself seem better than what he was.

Kudler’s Human Resource Information System: Case Study

Kudler’s Human Resource Information Systems (HRIS) System is not efficient. Kudler does use Intuit which is one of the best payroll processing software to have. Intuit stores the basic information needed for payroll: personal information, pay rate, tax exemptions, hire date, seniority date and organizational information. In addition to Intuit storing information, the store manager keeps an Excel spreadsheet that displays job analyses, salary surveys and individual compensation decisions (HRIS System, n.d., para 6). All this information is needed the purposes of processing payroll correctly and making sure Kudler is in line with the guidelines given the IRS. In order to change any information within Intuit, a written document must be provided to the accounting clerk. Then the clerk will manually enter the changes into the system. The clerk also maintains a paper file with the tax forms for each employee. This file contains all the original forms for the employee data. Workers’ compensation is managed by a third party company that keeps their own records decisions (HRIS System, n.d., para 6). Employees must manually fill out timesheets each week. This paper document is then approved by the store manager and then is faxed to the accounting department decisions (HRIS System, n.d., para 6). Any corrections made to the timesheets must be approved by the employee’s direct supervisor and store manager. The store manager has the employee files for all employees that work in the store instead of having a central filing area. These paper documents are stored in a locked filing cabinet. The documents that are stored in this filing cabinet consist of: job application/resume, performance reviews, I-9 forms and any disciplinary memos or performance management issues decisions (HRIS System, n.d., para 6). These types of files should not all be contained in one area by the store manager. In order for an employee to ask for time off they must speak with their managers verbally. The managers are then responsible for tracking for any requests since there is no automated system decisions (HRIS System, n.d., para 6). Therefore, depending on the manager dictates what of method they use. Store managers are mostly in charge of hiring new employees with the assistance of the HR recruiter. Then after interviews are done and individuals are hired, the applications of the ones not hired are stored by the HR department. The HR assistants keeps all information about complaints, grievances, etc locked in a file at the HR headquarters. In reviewing the above information about Kudler their overall HRIS is doing more work than necessary. As previously stated Kudler does not have any automated systems to complete any of the work aside from Intuit. Kudler is still using paper documents to store sensitive information. SolutionsKudler will incorporate Accero Cyborg Self Service which consists of three modules: Employee Self-Service, Benefits Self-Service and Manager Self-Service (Empower Employees and Managers with Accero Self Service, n.d., para 2). This product is completely online and will greatly decrease the need for paper documentation.With the introduction of Accero it will alleviate a lot work that the HR department handles (Empower Employees and Managers with Accero Self Service, n.d., para 2). All information that is stored in files on paper will be put input into the system. This will allow for HR to not have to continually fill out paperwork whenever there are any changes within the department.Employee and Benefits Self-Service will allow for employees to update and view their personal information (Empower Employees and Managers with Accero Self Service, n.d., para 2). They will also be able to view paychecks and manage payroll options. Employees will also be able to see their benefits information and update if necessary.Manager Self-Service allows for managers to quickly view employee profiles, access to HR data 24x7x365, access handbooks and procedure manuals (Empower Employees and Managers with Accero Self Service, n.d., para 2).Kudler will also incorporate a new online recruiting system call Kenexa 2x BrassRing. The software will allow Kudler to post jobs and maintain resumes within the system. Applicants will be able to create a profile and apply to jobs. HR will view the applications submitted and contact the appropriate manager. Managers will be able to view the subm itted resumes as well if needed. If the applicant is not chosen, their resume will stay in the system for up to 90 days. Then the applicant will need to resubmit their resume.To help with the vast transition from paper to online Kudler will also incorporate a new online training course system call WebCourse. This will allow for all employees of Kudler to be trained per the specific department they work in.Reference http://www.webcourse.com/elearning.html

Social Media at Ibm and a Case Study of Yammer at Deloitte

IT InfrastructureSession 01 Social Media at IBM IBM has been aggressively using social media to tie its far-flung and huge workforce together and, without a doubt, also with a mind towards selling these technologies as part of its service offering. IBM’s Beehive Social Network is a glimpse of how social networks might be used and received in the future. It is an Internet-based social networking site that gives IBM staff a â€Å"rich connection to the people they work with,† both professionally and personally.Using it, employees can make new connections, track current friends and co-workers, and renew contact with people they have worked with in the past. In the first nine months of use, over 35,000 registered IBM employees created over 280,000 social network connections to each other, posted more than 150,000 comments, shared more than 43,000 photos, created about 15,000 ‘Hive5s,’ and hosted more than 2,000 events. Beehive seems to be succeeding â€Å"to h elp IBM employees meet the challenge of building the relationships vital to working in large, distributed enterprises. †Ref: IBM Watson Research Center (2008) â€Å"Project: Beehive†, available at http://domain. watson. ibm. com/cambridgeresearch. nsf/0/8b6d4cd68f, last accessed 28 Feb 2013. A Case Study of Yammer at Deloitte Social media technologies are making fast inroads into organisations. In the context of knowledge intensive work the propositions of improving communication, information sharing and user involvement seem particularly promising. However, the role and impact of social technologies in enterprises in general, and knowledge work in particular, are still not well understood, despite emerging scholarly works in this field.Our case investigates emerging communicative work practices on the Enterprise Social Networking platform Yammer within Deloitte Australia. We uncover a set of emerging practices enabled by the platform within the case company and reflect on our results in the context of the knowledge-intensive nature of professional service work. We find that Yammer in the case company has become 1) an information-sharing channel, 2) a space for crowd-sourcing ideas, 3) a place for finding expertise and solving problems, and most importantly 4) a conversation medium for context and relationship building.Ref: Riemer, K, Scifleet, P & Reddig, R (2012), â€Å"Powercrowd: Enterprise Social Networking in Professional Service Work: A Case Study of Yammer at Deloitte Australia†, available at http://hdl. handle. net/2123/8352, last accessed 28 Feb 2013. 1. What aspects of social media technologies do the above case studies illustrate? †¢ Information sharing †¢ Communication †¢ Joint problem sharing †¢ Discussion forums †¢ Networking †¢ Events management †¢ Generation of ideas/innovation 2. What other examples of the use of social media technologies for corporate communication are you aware of? Face book for marketing, discussion boards, event notification †¢ Dropbox for document sharing, joint authorship †¢ Google docs for document sharing, joint authorship †¢ Google talk, Skype for voice and video communications †¢ Linkedin for networking, profile, job seeking, employ seeking, outsourcing †¢ Share-point for document sharing, discussion board, joint authorship 3. To what extent can / should an IT Infrastructure Manager control the extent and mode of use of social media technologies? Can / Should Control Use |Cannot / Should Not Control Use | |Control access to some social media, such as personal email |Access to information | |accounts that deliberately bypass corporate mail pathways |Use of personal communication devices, especially for personal | |Access to and storage of certain type of content (pornography,|communication | |racial, anti-social) |Downloading of apps to non-corporate devices | |Privacy of corporate data – identifying realms of privacy: |Communication outside of work hours | |confidential, internally confidential, public, potentially |External threats – hacking, invasion, blocking, loss of | |public |external security | |Censorship of inappropriate non-professional communication – | | |through policies & governance | | 4. What are some implications of these developments in the use of social media technologies for the management of existing corporate IT infrastructures? †¢ The company needs to choice between hard censorship approach, or open communication sharing approach Need to provide training and education for staff to understanding guidelines and penalties †¢ Need protection against external threats by between fire-walls and software management †¢ Need a communication policy framework that covers all aspects of information communication, storage, access and use within the company †¢ Need to have staff sign communication agreements, based on these policies and comp letion of training and education †¢ Want a better understanding of what social media are used in the company, how they are currently used and how they may be used 5. Are social media technologies really any different from the technology used in existing corporate IT infrastructures? Social Media Technologies ARE Different |Social Media Technologies AREN’T Different | |Global scope of communication and exposure |Underlying motivations are similar | |Policies of social media providers |Underlying mechanisms and technology are the same | |Motivation of social media – recognition, networking, |Accessibility is the same | |crowd-sourcing, accessibility, to make money |Company needs to manage different levels of access and rights | |Relative to the existing infrastructure of the organisation |to publish company information | |Higher functionality has a different purpose | | |Based on equity of access and right to publish | | Social Media at Ibm and a Case Study of Yammer at Deloitte IT InfrastructureSession 01 Social Media at IBM IBM has been aggressively using social media to tie its far-flung and huge workforce together and, without a doubt, also with a mind towards selling these technologies as part of its service offering. IBM’s Beehive Social Network is a glimpse of how social networks might be used and received in the future. It is an Internet-based social networking site that gives IBM staff a â€Å"rich connection to the people they work with,† both professionally and personally.Using it, employees can make new connections, track current friends and co-workers, and renew contact with people they have worked with in the past. In the first nine months of use, over 35,000 registered IBM employees created over 280,000 social network connections to each other, posted more than 150,000 comments, shared more than 43,000 photos, created about 15,000 ‘Hive5s,’ and hosted more than 2,000 events. Beehive seems to be succeeding â€Å"to h elp IBM employees meet the challenge of building the relationships vital to working in large, distributed enterprises. †Ref: IBM Watson Research Center (2008) â€Å"Project: Beehive†, available at http://domain. watson. ibm. com/cambridgeresearch. nsf/0/8b6d4cd68f, last accessed 28 Feb 2013. A Case Study of Yammer at Deloitte Social media technologies are making fast inroads into organisations. In the context of knowledge intensive work the propositions of improving communication, information sharing and user involvement seem particularly promising. However, the role and impact of social technologies in enterprises in general, and knowledge work in particular, are still not well understood, despite emerging scholarly works in this field.Our case investigates emerging communicative work practices on the Enterprise Social Networking platform Yammer within Deloitte Australia. We uncover a set of emerging practices enabled by the platform within the case company and reflect on our results in the context of the knowledge-intensive nature of professional service work. We find that Yammer in the case company has become 1) an information-sharing channel, 2) a space for crowd-sourcing ideas, 3) a place for finding expertise and solving problems, and most importantly 4) a conversation medium for context and relationship building.Ref: Riemer, K, Scifleet, P & Reddig, R (2012), â€Å"Powercrowd: Enterprise Social Networking in Professional Service Work: A Case Study of Yammer at Deloitte Australia†, available at http://hdl. handle. net/2123/8352, last accessed 28 Feb 2013. 1. What aspects of social media technologies do the above case studies illustrate? †¢ Information sharing †¢ Communication †¢ Joint problem sharing †¢ Discussion forums †¢ Networking †¢ Events management †¢ Generation of ideas/innovation 2. What other examples of the use of social media technologies for corporate communication are you aware of? Face book for marketing, discussion boards, event notification †¢ Dropbox for document sharing, joint authorship †¢ Google docs for document sharing, joint authorship †¢ Google talk, Skype for voice and video communications †¢ Linkedin for networking, profile, job seeking, employ seeking, outsourcing †¢ Share-point for document sharing, discussion board, joint authorship 3. To what extent can / should an IT Infrastructure Manager control the extent and mode of use of social media technologies? Can / Should Control Use |Cannot / Should Not Control Use | |Control access to some social media, such as personal email |Access to information | |accounts that deliberately bypass corporate mail pathways |Use of personal communication devices, especially for personal | |Access to and storage of certain type of content (pornography,|communication | |racial, anti-social) |Downloading of apps to non-corporate devices | |Privacy of corporate data – identifying realms of privacy: |Communication outside of work hours | |confidential, internally confidential, public, potentially |External threats – hacking, invasion, blocking, loss of | |public |external security | |Censorship of inappropriate non-professional communication – | | |through policies & governance | | 4. What are some implications of these developments in the use of social media technologies for the management of existing corporate IT infrastructures? †¢ The company needs to choice between hard censorship approach, or open communication sharing approach Need to provide training and education for staff to understanding guidelines and penalties †¢ Need protection against external threats by between fire-walls and software management †¢ Need a communication policy framework that covers all aspects of information communication, storage, access and use within the company †¢ Need to have staff sign communication agreements, based on these policies and comp letion of training and education †¢ Want a better understanding of what social media are used in the company, how they are currently used and how they may be used 5. Are social media technologies really any different from the technology used in existing corporate IT infrastructures? Social Media Technologies ARE Different |Social Media Technologies AREN’T Different | |Global scope of communication and exposure |Underlying motivations are similar | |Policies of social media providers |Underlying mechanisms and technology are the same | |Motivation of social media – recognition, networking, |Accessibility is the same | |crowd-sourcing, accessibility, to make money |Company needs to manage different levels of access and rights | |Relative to the existing infrastructure of the organisation |to publish company information | |Higher functionality has a different purpose | | |Based on equity of access and right to publish | |